The range stated by manufacturers (WLTP standard) is often optimistic.

To maximize real-world range in the field, several factors must be managed: 1.

**Driving Style:** Eco-driving is even more crucial for EVs.

Smooth driving, anticipation, and using regenerative braking can increase range by over 20%.

2.

**Weather and Temperature:** Cold weather significantly reduces range as the battery is less efficient and heating is very energy-intensive.

This must be considered when planning winter routes.

3.

**Payload and Tires:** A heavier vehicle consumes more energy.

Under-inflated tires also increase rolling resistance.

Rigorous management is necessary.

4.

**Preconditioning:** Heating or cooling the cabin while the vehicle is still plugged in uses grid power instead of battery power, thus preserving range for the road.